Journal
SMALL
Volume 10, Issue 1, Pages 160-168Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300828
Keywords
upconversion nanophosphors; magnetic nanoparticles; capture and release; deep tissue imaging; MRI
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Funding
- NIH [1R15EB014560]
- NSF [CMMI-1100684, CMMI-1130636]
- Center of Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration (CBTR) under NIH [5P20RR021949, 8P20GM103444]
- Div Of Civil, Mechanical, & Manufact Inn
- Directorate For Engineering [1130636, 1130819] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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A method is developed to fabricate monodispersed biocompatible Yb/Er or Yb/Tm doped -NaGdF4 upconversion phosphors using polyelectrolytes to prevent irreversible particle aggregation during conversion of the precursor, Gd2O(CO3)(2)center dot H2O:Yb/Er or Yb/Tm, to -NaGdF4:Yb/Er or Yb/Tm. The polyelectrolyte on the outer surface of nanophosphors also provided an amine tag for PEGylation. This method is also employed to fabricate PEGylated magnetic upconversion phosphors with Fe3O4 as the core and -NaGdF4 as a shell. These magnetic upconversion nanophosphors have relatively high saturation magnetization (7.0 emu g(-1)) and magnetic susceptibility (1.7 x 10(-2) emu g(-1) Oe(-1)), providing them with large magnetophoretic mobilities. The magnetic properties for separation and controlled release in flow, their optical properties for cell labeling, deep tissue imaging, and their T-1- and T-2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) relaxivities are studied. The magnetic upconversion phosphors display both strong magnetophoresis, dual MRI imaging (r(1) = 2.9 mM(-1) s(-1), r(2) = 204 mM(-1) s(-1)), and bright luminescence under 1 cm chicken breast tissue.
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