Association of Short Sleep Duration with Weight Gain and Obesity at 1-Year Follow-Up: A Large-Scale Prospective Study

Study Objectives: To investigate the association between short sleep duration and elevated body mass index (BMI) and obesity in a large sample of Japanese adults over a short period Design: Prospective design with baseline in 2006 and 1-year follow-up Setting: Workplaces of an electric power company in Japan Participants: 35,247 company employees (31,477 men, 3,770 women) distributed throughout Japan Measurements and results: Measured weight and height and self-reported sleep duration were obtained at annual health checkup in 2006 and 2007. Weight change was defined as the difference in body mass index (BMI) between the baseline and 1 year later. Relative to the reference category (sleep duration 7-8 h), short sleep duration (< 5 and 5-6 h) and long sleep duration >= 9 h were associated with an increased risk of weight gain among men after adjustment for covariates. Of the non-obese (BMI < 25) men at baseline, 5.8% became obese (BMI >= 25) 1 year later. Higher incidence of obesity was observed among the groups with shorter sleep duration. Adjusted odds ratios for the development of obesity were 1.91 (95%Cl 1.36, 2.67) and 1.50 (95%Cl 1.24, 1.80) in men who slept < 5 and 5-6 h, respectively. No significant association between sleep duration and weight gain or obesity was found for women. Conclusions: Short sleep duration was associated with weight gain and the development of obesity over 1 year in men, but not in women.