Treatment with the glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor, TDZD-8, affects transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat hippocampus

The serine/threonine glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3 beta) is abundant in the central nervous system, particularly in the hippocampus, and plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases, including neurodegeneration. This study was designed to investigate the effects of GSK-3 beta inhibition against I/R injury in the rat hippocampus. Transient cerebral ischemia (30 min) followed by 1 h of reperfusion significantly increased generation of reactive oxygen species and modulated superoxide dismutase activity; 24 h of reperfusion evoked apoptosis (determined as mitochondrial cytochrome c release and Bcl-2 and caspase-9 expression), resulted in high plasma levels of TNF-alpha and increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. The selective GSK-3 beta inhibitor, 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione (TDZD-8), was administered before and after ischemia or during reperfusion alone to assess its potential as prophylactic or therapeutic strategy. Prophylactic or therapeutic administration of TDZD-8 caused the phosphorylation (Ser(9)) and hence inactivation of GSK-3 beta. Infarct volume and levels of S100B protein, a marker of cerebral injury, were reduced by TDZD-8. This was associated with a significant reduction in markers of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and the inflammatory response resulting from cerebral I/R, These beneficial effects were associated with a reduction of I/R-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases JNK1/2 and p38 and nuclear factor-kappa B. The present study demonstrates that TDZD-8 protects the brain against I/R injury by inhibiting GSK-3 beta activity. Collectively, our data may contribute to focus the role of GSK-3 beta in cerebral I/R.