Dual E627K and D701N mutations in the PB2 protein of A(H7N9) influenza virus increased its virulence in mammalian models

The ongoing avian H7N9 influenza outbreaks in China have caused significant human fatal cases and the virus is becoming established in poultry. Mutations with potential to increase mammalian adaptation have occurred in the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) and other viral genes. Here we found that dual 627K and 701N mutations could readily occur during transmission of the virus among ferrets via direct physical contact, and these mutations conferred higher polymerase activity and improved viral replication in mammalian cells, and enhanced virulence in mice. Special attention needs to be paid to patients with such mutations, as these may serve as an indicator of higher virus replication and increased pathogenicity.