Journal
SENSORS
Volume 14, Issue 4, Pages 6165-6206Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/s140406165
Keywords
quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy; quartz tuning fork; gas sensing; mid-IR and THz laser spectroscopy
Funding
- Italian research projects [PON01 02238, PON02 00675, PON02 00576]
- National Science Foundation (NSF) ERC MIRTHE award
- NSF-ANR award
- Division Of Chemistry
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [1124677] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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A detailed review on the development of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic sensors (QEPAS) for the sensitive and selective quantification of molecular trace gas species with resolved spectroscopic features is reported. The basis of the QEPAS technique, the technology available to support this field in terms of key components, such as light sources and quartz-tuning forks and the recent developments in detection methods and performance limitations will be discussed. Furthermore, different experimental QEPAS methods such as: on-beam and off-beam QEPAS, quartz-enhanced evanescent wave photoacoustic detection, modulation-cancellation approach and mid-IR single mode fiber-coupled sensor systems will be reviewed and analysed. A QEPAS sensor operating in the THz range, employing a custom-made quartz-tuning fork and a THz quantum cascade laser will be also described. Finally, we evaluated data reported during the past decade and draw relevant and useful conclusions from this analysis.
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