Journal
SENSORS
Volume 11, Issue 2, Pages 2112-2128Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/s110202112
Keywords
soluble adenylyl cyclase; cAMP; second messenger; cyclic nucleotides; bicarbonate; carbon dioxide; pH
Funding
- NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI064842] Funding Source: Medline
- NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD059913-02, R01 HD059913-01, R01 HD059913, R01 HD059913-03, R01 HD038722] Funding Source: Medline
- NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM062328-08, R01 GM062328-10, R01 GM062328-09, R01 GM062328, R01 GM062328-08S1] Funding Source: Medline
- NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS055255] Funding Source: Medline
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced by living organisms as a byproduct of metabolism. In physiological systems, CO2 is unequivocally linked with bicarbonate (HCO3-) and pH via a ubiquitous family of carbonic anhydrases, and numerous biological processes are dependent upon a mechanism for sensing the level of CO2, HCO3, and/or pH. The discovery that soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is directly regulated by bicarbonate provided a link between CO2/HCO3/pH chemosensing and signaling via the widely used second messenger cyclic AMP. This review summarizes the evidence that bicarbonate-regulated sAC, and additional, subsequently identified bicarbonate-regulate nucleotidyl cyclases, function as evolutionarily conserved CO2/HCO3/pH chemosensors in a wide variety of physiological systems.
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