Journal
SENSORS
Volume 10, Issue 4, Pages 2638-2674Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/s100402638
Keywords
conducting polymers; reactive materials; sensors; actuators; artificial muscles; tactile muscles; sensing actuators
Funding
- Spanish Government (MCI) [MAT2008-06702]
- Seneca Foundation [08684/PI/08]
- Consejeria de Educacion de Murcia
- Plan Regional de Ciencia y Tecnologia [2007-2010]
- Mexico Government [103.5/06/1975]
- Conacyt (Mexico) [47066]
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion of Spain
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Films of conducting polymers can be oxidized and reduced in a reversible way. Any intermediate oxidation state determines an electrochemical equilibrium. Chemical or physical variables acting on the film may modify the equilibrium potential, so that the film acts as a sensor of the variable. The working potential of polypyrrole/DBSA (Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid) films, oxidized or reduced under constant currents, changes as a function of the working conditions: electrolyte concentration, temperature or mechanical stress. During oxidation, the reactive material is a sensor of the ambient, the consumed electrical energy being the sensing magnitude. Devices based on any of the electrochemical properties of conducting polymers must act simultaneously as sensors of the working conditions. Artificial muscles, as electrochemical actuators constituted by reactive materials, respond to the ambient conditions during actuation. In this way, they can be used as actuators, sensing the surrounding conditions during actuation. Actuating and sensing signals are simultaneously included by the same two connecting wires.
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