Journal
SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
Volume 31, Issue 2, Pages 237-248Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s00281-009-0159-2
Keywords
Intestinal glucocorticoid synthesis; Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); Intestinal immune homeostasis; Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha); Liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1)
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Funding
- Swiss National Science Foundation
- Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America
- Oncosuisse
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Glucocorticoids (GC) are lipophilic hormones commonly used as therapeutics in acute and chronic inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease due to their attributed anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. Although the adrenal glands are the major source of endogenous GC, there is increasing evidence for the production of extra-adrenal GC in the brain, thymus, skin, vasculature, and the intestine. However, the physiological relevance of extra-adrenal-produced GC remains still ambiguous. Therefore, this review attracts attention to discuss possible biological benefits of extra-adrenal-synthesized GC, especially focusing on the impact of locally synthesized GC in the regulation of intestinal immune responses.
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