Evaluating pre-harvest foliar calcium applications to increase fruit calcium and reduce bitter pit in 'Golden Delicious' apples

In all major apple producing countries, applications of foliar calcium (Ca) products to increase fruit Ca content and reduce the incidence of bitter pit in apples are used. Calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)(2)), Calcimax and Ca acetate were applied, commencing at three different developmental stages (early, mid and late) of fruit growth. Late Ca(NO3)(2) (80 days after full bloom (dafb)) applications increased the Ca content of fruit at harvest more than early (six dafb) and mid (40 dafb) applications. There was a trend towards an increase in bitter pit from early to late applications of Ca(NO3)(2) and Calcimax, confirming previous results obtained when applying only Ca(NO3)(2). In spite of the very low incidences of bitter pit during these seasons (less than 7%), significant differences between treatments were found between Ca(NO3)(2) Mid and other treatments in 2004/2005, as well as Ca(NO3)(2) and Calcimax Early and other treatments in 2005/2006. Ca acetate applications did not show any trends in fruit Ca content or bitter pit incidence when applied during the three stages. Thus, products may differ in efficiency of Ca absorption and effectiveness in decreasing bitter pit in fruit when applied during different developmental stages. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.