Journal
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume 497, Issue -, Pages 508-515Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.034
Keywords
Daily intake; Human milk; Infant formula; Polybrominated biphenyl ethers; Risk assessment
Categories
Funding
- National Nature Science Foundation of China [21277086, 21277087]
- Key Discipline Construction Project of Shanghai Municipal Public Health [12GWZX0401]
- Program for Innovative Research Team in University [IRT13078]
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To investigate the temporal trend of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk and assess the risks to breast- and formula-fed infants, breast milk and infant formula samples were collected from Shanghai, China. The PBDE concentrations decreased from 14.8 to 4.85 pmol/g lipid weight during 2006-2012, with a rate of decrease by half approximately every four years. Although there were no significant correlations between the total PBDEs in breast milk and age, parity, and pre-pregnant BMI of mothers, there were significant differences between primiparous and multiparous mothers for tri- to hepta-BDEs. PBDEs in breast milk were much higher than those in infant formula (equivalent to 91.9 vs. 5.25 pg/mL). Among the different brand infant formulas, there were no significant differences in their PBDE concentrations, The estimated daily intake of PBDEs by breast- and formula-fed infants suggested that breast-fed infants are exposed to much more PBDEs than formula-fed ones (12.9 vs. 0.72 ng/kg-bw/day). However, the hazard quotient values were much smaller than one, indicating that the ingested PBDEs did not exert obvious adverse effects on both breast- and formula-fed infants considering non-carcinogenic effect end-point. This is the first report on temporal trend of PBDEs in breast milk from China. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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