Sustainable resource use requires clean cycles and safe final sinks

In order to fulfill the objectives of environmental protection, today's focus on quantitative recycling rates must be amended by a more qualitative approach. Because modern products represent a mix of numerous and sometimes hazardous substances, ways must be explored to remove detrimental substances during recycling and to establish clean cycles. On the one hand, such a clean cycle strategy will result in better recycling qualities of secondary products and less dissipation of hazardous substances during further product use. On the other hand, the elimination of hazardous substances during recycling requires sinks for the disposal of the eliminated materials. These topics are presented in general as well as by case studies. In particular, the sink issue is addressed, differentiating between sinks and final sinks and discussing the challenge to supply appropriate final sinks for all materials that cannot be recycled. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.