Journal
SCIENCE
Volume 345, Issue 6200, Pages 1020-+Publisher
AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1126/science.1255832
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Funding
- Danish National Research Foundation
- Lundbeck Foundation
- Villum Foundation
- Swiss National Science Foundation [PBSKP3_143259]
- The Rock Foundation
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
- National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs [OPP-9974623, OPP-0327641, OPP-9726126, OPP-9977931, OPP-9813044]
- Northern Worlds Initiative
- Augustinus Foundation
- Danish Council for Independent Research
- National Science Foundation [0732327, OPP-9905090, OPP-0327676]
- Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research [6364]
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- University of Utah
- EU Marie Curie FP7 Initial Training Network Grant [FP7-ITN-215362-2]
- Arts and Humanities Research Council [AH/K006029/1]
- Memorial University Faculty of Arts Research Initiative
- Memorial University Office of Research Grant
- EU European Regional Development Fund through Centre of Excellence in Genomics to Estonian Biocentre
- Estonian Institutional Research [IUT24-1]
- Estonian Science Foundation [8973]
- AHRC [AH/K006029/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Arts and Humanities Research Council [AH/K006029/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- Villum Fonden [00007171] Funding Source: researchfish
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The New World Arctic, the last region of the Americas to be populated by humans, has a relatively well-researched archaeology, but an understanding of its genetic history is lacking. We present genome-wide sequence data from ancient and present-day humans from Greenland, Arctic Canada, Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and Siberia. We show that Paleo-Eskimos (similar to 3000 BCE to 1300 CE) represent a migration pulse into the Americas independent of both Native American and Inuit expansions. Furthermore, the genetic continuity characterizing the Paleo-Eskimo period was interrupted by the arrival of a new population, representing the ancestors of present-day Inuit, with evidence of past gene flow between these lineages. Despite periodic abandonment of major Arctic regions, a single Paleo-Eskimo metapopulation likely survived in near-isolation for more than 4000 years, only to vanish around 700 years ago.
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