4.8 Article

Proton Structure from the Measurement of 2S-2P Transition Frequencies of Muonic Hydrogen

Journal

SCIENCE
Volume 339, Issue 6118, Pages 417-420

Publisher

AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1126/science.1230016

Keywords

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Funding

  1. Max Planck Society
  2. Max Planck Foundation
  3. Swiss National Science Foundation [200020-100632, 200021L-138175/1]
  4. Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences
  5. Bonus Qualite Recherche de l'Unites de Formations et de Recherche de physique fondamentale et appliquee de l'UPMC
  6. program PAI Germaine de Stael du ministere des affaires etrangeres France [07819NH]
  7. Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS)
  8. UPMC
  9. CNRS
  10. Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal)
  11. Fundo Europeu De Desenvolvimento Regional [PTDC/FIS/102110/2008, SFRH/BPD/46611/2008]
  12. ExtreMe Matter Institute
  13. Helmholtz Alliance [HA216/EMMI]
  14. European Research Council (ERC) [279765]
  15. FCT [SFRH/BD/66731/2009]
  16. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) [200021L_138175] Funding Source: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)
  17. Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia [SFRH/BD/66731/2009, PTDC/FIS/102110/2008, SFRH/BPD/46611/2008] Funding Source: FCT

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Accurate knowledge of the charge and Zemach radii of the proton is essential, not only for understanding its structure but also as input for tests of bound-state quantum electrodynamics and its predictions for the energy levels of hydrogen. These radii may be extracted from the laser spectroscopy of muonic hydrogen (mu p, that is, a proton orbited by a muon). We measured the 2S(1/2)(F=0)-2P(3/2)(F=1) transition frequency in mu p to be 54611.16(1.05) gigahertz (numbers in parentheses indicate one standard deviation of uncertainty) and reevaluated the 2S(1/2)(F=1)-2P(3/2)(F=2) transition frequency, yielding 49881.35(65) gigahertz. From the measurements, we determined the Zemach radius, r(Z) = 1.082(37) femtometers, and the magnetic radius, r(M) = 0.87(6) femtometer, of the proton. We also extracted the charge radius, r(E) = 0.84087(39) femtometer, with an order of magnitude more precision than the 2010-CODATA value and at 7 sigma variance with respect to it, thus reinforcing the proton radius puzzle.

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