Journal
SCIENCE
Volume 340, Issue 6139, Pages 1421-1427Publisher
AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1126/science.1233137
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Funding
- ICDP
- U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF)
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
- Alfred Wegener Institute
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam
- Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Russian Foundation for Basic Research
- Austrian Federal Ministry of Science and Research (BMWF)
- BMBF [03G0642]
- German Research Foundation (DFG) [ME 1169/21, ME 1169/24]
- NSF [0602471]
- Global Civilian Research and Development Foundation (CGP-RFBR IV) [RUG1-2987-MA-10]
- Vetenskapsradet, the Swedish Research Council Formas
- Kempe Foundation
- DFG [TA 540/5]
- Directorate For Geosciences
- Division Of Earth Sciences [1204087] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Earth Sciences
- Directorate For Geosciences [0602471] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Understanding the evolution of Arctic polar climate from the protracted warmth of the middle Pliocene into the earliest glacial cycles in the Northern Hemisphere has been hindered by the lack of continuous, highly resolved Arctic time series. Evidence from Lake El'gygytgyn, in northeast (NE) Arctic Russia, shows that 3.6 to 3.4 million years ago, summer temperatures were similar to 8 degrees C warmer than today, when the partial pressure of CO2 was similar to 400 parts per million. Multiproxy evidence suggests extreme warmth and polar amplification during the middle Pliocene, sudden stepped cooling events during the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition, and warmer than present Arctic summers until similar to 2.2 million years ago, after the onset of Northern Hemispheric glaciation. Our data are consistent with sea-level records and other proxies indicating that Arctic cooling was insufficient to support large-scale ice sheets until the early Pleistocene.
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