Journal
SCIENCE
Volume 342, Issue 6163, Pages 1208-1211Publisher
AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1126/science.1243719
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Funding
- U.S. Science Support Program of IODP
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [24740339, 21107005] Funding Source: KAKEN
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The mechanics of great subduction earthquakes are influenced by the frictional properties, structure, and composition of the plate-boundary fault. We present observations of the structure and composition of the shallow source fault of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake and tsunami from boreholes drilled by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 343 and 343T. Logging-while-drilling and core-sample observations show a single major plate-boundary fault accommodated the large slip of the Tohoku-Oki earthquake rupture, as well as nearly all the cumulative interplate motion at the drill site. The localization of deformation onto a limited thickness (less than 5 meters) of pelagic clay is the defining characteristic of the shallow earthquake fault, suggesting that the pelagic clay may be a regionally important control on tsunamigenic earthquakes.
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