Journal
SCIENCE
Volume 340, Issue 6130, Pages 341-344Publisher
AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1126/science.1223646
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Funding
- NSF [ANT-1245283, OCE 1058858, OCE 1054497]
- Statoil
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) [86610110]
- LPP Foundation
- German Research Foundation [PR 651/10, RO 1113/6]
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Center within the Hessian Initiative for Scientific and Economic Excellence (LOEWE)
- Post-Expedition Activity award
- Natural Environmental Research Council (UK) [NE/H025162/1, NE/H020098/1, NE/J019801/1]
- European Commission [IRG 230828]
- UK IODP [NE/I006257/1]
- European Research Council [259627]
- Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation [CTM2011-2079]
- NERC [NE/I006257/1, NE/I00646X/1, NE/H020098/1, NE/I00646X/2, NE/J019801/1, NE/H025162/1, NE/H014616/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Natural Environment Research Council [NE/J019801/1, NE/H020098/1, NE/I00646X/2, NE/H014616/1, NE/I006257/1, NE/H025162/1, NE/I00646X/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- Directorate For Geosciences
- Office of Polar Programs (OPP) [1245283] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Ocean Sciences
- Directorate For Geosciences [1058858] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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The circum-Antarctic Southern Ocean is an important region for global marine food webs and carbon cycling because of sea-ice formation and its unique plankton ecosystem. However, the mechanisms underlying the installation of this distinct ecosystem and the geological timing of its development remain unknown. Here, we show, on the basis of fossil marine dinoflagellate cyst records, that a major restructuring of the Southern Ocean plankton ecosystem occurred abruptly and concomitant with the first major Antarctic glaciation in the earliest Oligocene (similar to 33.6 million years ago). This turnover marks a regime shift in zooplankton-phytoplankton interactions and community structure, which indicates the appearance of eutrophic and seasonally productive environments on the Antarctic margin. We conclude that earliest Oligocene cooling, ice-sheet expansion, and subsequent sea-ice formation were important drivers of biotic evolution in the Southern Ocean.
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