Journal
SCIENCE
Volume 326, Issue 5953, Pages 682-688Publisher
AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1126/science.1178336
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Funding
- Santa Fe Institute
- Russell Sage Foundation
- NSF
- Division Of Behavioral and Cognitive Sci
- Direct For Social, Behav & Economic Scie [0921429] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Small-scale human societies range from foraging bands with a strong egalitarian ethos to more economically stratified agrarian and pastoral societies. We explain this variation in inequality using a dynamic model in which a population's long-run steady-state level of inequality depends on the extent to which its most important forms of wealth are transmitted within families across generations. We estimate the degree of intergenerational transmission of three different types of wealth (material, embodied, and relational), as well as the extent of wealth inequality in 21 historical and contemporary populations. We show that intergenerational transmission of wealth and wealth inequality are substantial among pastoral and small-scale agricultural societies (on a par with or even exceeding the most unequal modern industrial economies) but are limited among horticultural and foraging peoples (equivalent to the most egalitarian of modern industrial populations). Differences in the technology by which a people derive their livelihood and in the institutions and norms making up the economic system jointly contribute to this pattern.
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