Journal
ONCOTARGET
Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages 4664-4679Publisher
IMPACT JOURNALS LLC
DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6616
Keywords
emodin; interferon; JAK/STAT; 26S proteasome
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Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [91213304, 91413108, 2151101054, 21372214]
- West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Sichuan Youth Science & Technology Foundation [2014JQ0028]
- Pillar Program of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province [2012SZ0219]
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The 26S proteasome is a negative regulator of type I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) signaling. Inhibition of the 26S proteasome by small molecules may be a new strategy to enhance the efficacy of type I IFNs and reduce their side effects. Using cellbased screening assay for new 26S proteasome inhibitors, we found that emodin, a natural anthraquinone, was a potent inhibitor of the human 26S proteasome. Emodin preferably inhibited the caspase-like and chymotrypsin-like activities of the human 26S proteasome and increased the ubiquitination of endogenous proteins in cells. Computational modeling showed that emodin exhibited an orientation/ conformation favorable to nucleophilic attack in the active pocket of the beta 1, beta 2, and beta 5 subunits of the 26S proteasome. Emodin increased phosphorylation of STAT1, decreased phosphorylation of STAT3 and increased endogenous gene expression stimulated by IFN-alpha. Emodin inhibited IFN-alpha-stimulated ubiquitination and degradation of type I interferon receptor 1 (IFNAR1). Emodin also sensitized the antiproliferative effect of IFN-a in HeLa cervical carcinoma cells and reduced tumor growth in Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma-bearing mice. These results suggest that emodin potentiates the antiproliferative effect of IFN-alpha by activation of JAK/ STAT pathway signaling through inhibition of 26S proteasome-stimulated IFNAR1 degradation. Therefore, emodin warrants further investigation as a new means to enhance the efficacy of IFN-alpha/beta.
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