Clicking DNA to gold nanoparticles: poly-adenine-mediated formation of monovalent DNA-gold nanoparticle conjugates with nearly quantitative yield

Monovalent DNA-gold nanoparticle (mDNA-AuNP) conjugates hold great promise for widespread applications, especially the construction of well-defined, molecule-like nanosystems. Previously reported methods all rely on the use of thiolated DNA to functionalize AuNPs, resulting in relatively low yields. Here, we report a facile method to rapidly prepare mDNA-AuNPs using a poly-adenine (polyA)-mediated approach. As polyA can selectively bind to AuNPs with high controllability of the surface density of DNA, we can use a DNA strand with a sufficiently long polyA to wrap around the surface of an individual AuNP, preventing further the adsorption of additional strands. Based on this observation, we obtained mDNA-AuNPs with a nearly quantitative yield of similar to 90% using 80 As, as confirmed by both gel electrophoresis and transmission electron microscope observation. The yields of mDNA-AuNPs were insensitive to the stoichiometric ratio between DNA and AuNPs, suggesting the click chemistry-like nature of this polyA-mediated reaction. mDNA-AuNPs exhibited rapid kinetics and high efficiency for sequence-specific hybridization. More importantly, we demonstrated that AuNPs of fixed valences could form well-defined heterogenous oligomeric nanostructures with precise, atom-like control.