Journal
REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS
Volume 81, Issue 1, Pages 109-162Publisher
AMER PHYSICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.81.109
Keywords
carbon; electron-phonon interactions; nanostructured materials; quantum Hall effect; surface states; tight-binding calculations; tunnelling
Categories
Funding
- MEC (Spain) [FIS200505478-C02-01]
- EU [12881]
- NSF [DMR0343790]
- EPSRC (UK)
- Royal Society
- [POCI 2010]
- [PTDC/FIS/64404/2006]
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This article reviews the basic theoretical aspects of graphene, a one-atom-thick allotrope of carbon, with unusual two-dimensional Dirac-like electronic excitations. The Dirac electrons can be controlled by application of external electric and magnetic fields, or by altering sample geometry and/or topology. The Dirac electrons behave in unusual ways in tunneling, confinement, and the integer quantum Hall effect. The electronic properties of graphene stacks are discussed and vary with stacking order and number of layers. Edge (surface) states in graphene depend on the edge termination (zigzag or armchair) and affect the physical properties of nanoribbons. Different types of disorder modify the Dirac equation leading to unusual spectroscopic and transport properties. The effects of electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions in single layer and multilayer graphene are also presented.
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