Scavenging of peroxynitrite reduces renal ischemia/reperfusion injury

Introduction. Nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (OONO-) are implicated in the pathophysiology of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the efficiency of S-methylisothiourea (SMT), an iNOS inhibitor, and mercaptoethylguanidine (MEG), a scavenger of peroxynitrite, on renal dysfunction and injury induced by I/R of rat kidney. Materials and Methods. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: sham-operated, I/R, I/R+SMT, and I/R+MEG. Rats were given SMT (10 mg/kg ip) or MEG (10 mg/kg ip) 6 h prior to I/R and at the beginning of reperfusion. All rats except sham-operated underwent 60 min of bilateral renal ischemia followed by 6 h of reperfusion. After reperfusion, kidneys and blood were obtained for evaluation. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehide, protein carbonyl content, and nitrite/nitrate level (NOx) were determined in the renal tissue. Serum creatinine (S-Cr)(,) blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined in the blood. Additionally, renal sections were used for histological grade of renal injury. Results. SMT and MEG significantly reduced the I/R-induced increases in S-Cr, BUN, and AST. Both SMT and MEG attenuated the tissue NOx levels, indicating reduced NO production. In addition, SMT and MEG markedly reduced elevated oxidative stress product, restored decreased antioxidant enzymes, and attenuated histological alterations. Interestingly, MEG exerted a greater renoprotective effect than SMT. Conclusions. These data support the finding that iNOS and peroxynitrite are involved in the renal I/R injury, and suggest that a scavenger of peroxynitrite might be more effective than iNOS inhibitors as a therapeutic intervention.