Journal
REGENERATIVE MEDICINE
Volume 3, Issue 6, Pages 863-876Publisher
FUTURE MEDICINE LTD
DOI: 10.2217/17460751.3.6.863
Keywords
bone marrow; endothelial progenitor cells; mobilization; neoplasia; neovasculogenesis; peripheral blood; VEGF
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Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are derived from the bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB), contributing to tissue repair in various pathological conditions via the formation of new blood vessels, that is, neovascularization. EPCs can be mobilized into the circulation in response to growth factors and cytokines released following stimuli such as vascular trauma, wounding and cancer. EPCs are involved in vasculogenesis during embryogenesis, but are now recognized to have a significant bearing upon disease outcome through their contribution to neovascularization in a variety of pathological states in adulthood. EPCs exist in very small numbers, especially in circulating blood in adults where they only account for 0.01% of all cells. We discuss the contribution and potential therapeutic applications of EPCs in disease, also noting the prognostic value of PB EPC numbers, especially in heart disease and cancer.
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