Journal
REDOX REPORT
Volume 15, Issue 4, Pages 161-168Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.1179/174329210X12650506623645
Keywords
Alzheimer's disease; amyloid-beta; hyperphosphorylated tau; indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; kynurenine; kynurenine pathway; quinolinic acid; tryptophan
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health [R01 EY016219, R01 EY09912, P30 EY11373, R01 AG026151]
- Alzheimer's Association
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Tryptophan metabolism, through the kynurenine pathway, produces neurotoxic intermediates that are implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In particular, oxidative stress via 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and its cleaved product 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) significantly damages neuronal tissue and may potentially contribute to a cycle of neurodegeneration through consequent amyloid-beta accumulation, glial activation, and up-regulation of the kynurenine pathway. To determine the role of the kynurenine pathway in eliciting and continuing oxidative stress within Alzheimer's diseased brains, we used immunocytochemical methods to show elevated levels of 3-HK modifications and the upstream, rate-limiting enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1) in Alzheimer's diseased brains when compared to controls. Importantly, the association of IDO-1 with senile plaques was confirmed and, for the first time, IDO-1 was shown to be specifically localized in conjunction with neurofibrillary tangles. As senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, our study provides further evidence that the kynurenine pathway is involved with the destructive neurodegenerative pathway of Alzheimer's disease.
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