Establishing the carrying capacity of the grasslands of China: a review

China is rich in grassland resources, with 400x10(6)ha of natural grasslands and 18 main types, mostly distributed in the north-east, north, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Xinjiang regions. Grassland-based livestock production is the foundation of the economy in these rural areas. Degradation of grassland has occurred to varying degrees in these regions. Mean overgrazing rates across the whole country were estimated to be similar to 30% in 2009. Considerable amounts of research have focussed, especially since 2000, on developing better ways of managing Chinese grasslands. Research concerning the relationship between forage production and animal performance, is reviewed for three important national grassland regions. For the three major grassland (steppes) types of Inner Mongolia, the stocking rates proposed as a result of research were 1.0-2.2 sheep units (SU) ha(-1) for the western, drier Stipa breviflora desert steppe; 2.0-3.8SUha(-1) for the steppe of Artemisia frigida and Stipa grandis; and 1.8-4.0SUha(-1) for the eastern higher-rainfall Leymus chinensis meadow steppe in Hulunbeir. In the Qinghai-Tibetan alpine meadows, the stocking rate of grassland dominated by Edelweiss-Potentilla and Kobresia parva, proposed on the basis of research, was 1.0-5.8SUha(-1). In Xinjiang's desert steppe, the stocking rates of Seriphidium transiliense desert steppe were proposed on the basis of research were 1.2SUha(-1) in spring and 1.8SUha(-1) in autumn for non-degraded pasture, and 0.3 and 1.2SUha(-1) for moderate-degraded pasture, respectively. These stocking rates were based on either annual net primary production or desired levels of livestock production and it is argued that there is a need to develop carrying capacities based on a wider range of sustainability criteria and with the most appropriate grazing systems.