The PERK/ATF4/LAMP3-arm of the unfolded protein response affects radioresistance by interfering with the DNA damage response

Background and purpose: Lysosome-associated membrane protein 3 (LAMP3) is induced by the PKR-like ER kinase (PERK)/activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR) during hypoxia. LAMP3 has prognostic value in breast cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. Here, we specifically investigated the role of the PERK/ATF4/LAMP3-arm in the radiation response of breast cancer cells. Material and methods: Radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells was examined after siRNA-mediated knockdown of PERK, ATF4 and LAMP3. Activation of DNA damage repair proteins was evaluated by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Results: Knockdown of the PERK/ATF4/LAMP3-arm and chemical inhibition of PERK could radiosensitise MDA-MB-231 cells significantly. Western blot analysis of several DNA damage repair proteins showed that LAMP3 knockdowns had an attenuated DNA damage response after radiation compared to controls. gamma-H2AX foci analysis revealed that LAMP3 knockdowns had a reduced number of positive cells after irradiation, indicating that their DNA damage repair signalling response is decreased. In addition, the effect of autophagy inhibition was examined and revealed a radiosensitising effect and the presence of residual gamma-H2AX foci. Conclusions: The PERK/ATF4/LAMP3-arm causes radioresisiance of breast cancer cells by increasing DNA damage repair signalling. Inhibition of PERK and/or autophagy may sensitise tumours to radiotherapy. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Radiotherapy and Oncology 108 (2013) 415-421