Journal
QUATERNARY RESEARCH
Volume 74, Issue 2, Pages 207-215Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.yqres.2010.07.010
Keywords
Abrupt climate change; Late Bronze Age collapse; Dark Age; Gibala-Tell Tweini; Ugarit kingdom; Syria
Funding
- Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Onderzoeksfonds Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
- Inter-university Attraction Poles Programme [VI/34]
- Belgian Science Policy, Belgium
- Paul Sabatier-Toulouse3 University
- MISTRAL INSU-CNRS Paleo2 MEDORIANT program
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The alluvial deposits near Gibala-Tell Tweini provide a unique record of environmental history and food availability estimates covering the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. The refined pollen-derived climatic proxy suggests that drier climatic conditions occurred in the Mediterranean belt of Syria from the late 13th/early 12th centuries BC to the 9th century BC. This period corresponds with the time frame of the Late Bronze Age collapse and the subsequent Dark Age. The abrupt climate change at the end of the Late Bronze Age caused region-wide crop failures, leading towards socio-economic crises and unsustainability, forcing regional habitat-tracking. Archaeological data show that the first conflagration of Gibala occurred simultaneously with the destruction of the capital city Ugarit currently dated between 1194 and 1175 BC. Gibala redeveloped shortly after this destruction, with large-scale urbanization visible in two main architectural phases during the Early Iron Age I. The later Iron Age I city was destroyed during a second conflagration, which is radiocarbon-dated at circa 2950 cal yr BP. The data from Gibala-Tell Tweini provide evidence in support of the drought hypothesis as a triggering factor behind the Late Bronze Age collapse in the Eastern Mediterranean. (C) 2010 University of Washington. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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