Charge-by-charge assemblies based on planar anion receptors

This critical overview proposes a new concept, a charge-by-charge assembly, which consists of alternately stacked positively and negatively charged species, by introducing examples of planar anionic structures in the solid state. The preparation of planar organic anions is not easy; however, complexation of planar anion receptor molecules with inorganic anions is found to be an efficient strategy for constructing them. As suitable motifs, dipyrrolyldiketone boron complexes exhibit various receptor-anion complexes and charge-by-charge assemblies in the solid state. The concept discussed here can be applied to useful soft materials as well as crystals by modifying the anion receptors and cations.