Journal
PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE
Volume 76, Issue 5, Pages 363-369Publisher
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000063
Keywords
depression; symptom clusters; insulin resistance; homeostatic model of assessment; Type 2 diabetes; prospective study
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Funding
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [HL056346]
- Pittsburgh Mind-Body Center Grants [HL076852, HL076858]
- [HL040962]
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Objective: To examine longitudinal bidirectional associations between two depressive symptom clusters-the cognitive-affective and somatic-vegetative clusters- and insulin resistance, a marker of prediabetes. Methods: Participants were 269 adults aged 50 to 70 years without diabetes enrolled in the Pittsburgh Healthy Heart Project, a prospective cohort study. At baseline and 6-year visits, participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and underwent a blood draw to quantify fasting insulin and glucose. We examined baseline BDI-II total, cognitive-affective, and somatic-vegetative scores as predictors of 6-year change in the homeostatic model of assessment (HOMA) score, an estimate of insulin resistance computed from fasting insulin and glucose. We also examined baseline HOMA score as a predictor of 6-year change in BDI-II total and subscale scores. Results: Regression analyses, adjusted for demographic factors and baseline HOMA score, revealed that the baseline BDI-II somatic-vegetative score (beta = 0.14, p =.025), but not the cognitive-affective (beta = 0.001, p = .98) or total (beta = 0.10, p = .11) scores, predicted 6-year HOMA change. This result persisted in models controlling for anxiety symptoms and hostility. Several factors were examined as candidate mediators; however, only change in body mass index was a significant mediator (p = .042), accounting for 23% of the observed association. Baseline HOMA score did not predict 6-year change in BDI-II total or subscale scores (all p values >.56). Conclusions: Among adults aged 50 to 70 years, the somatic-vegetative symptoms of depression (e. g., fatigue, sleep disturbance, and appetite changes) may worsen insulin resistance and increase diabetes risk, partly, by increasing body mass index.
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