Journal
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
Volume 48, Issue 3, Pages 323-332Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01069.x
Keywords
Pupil dilations; Cognition; Normal volunteers; Learning; memory
Funding
- Stanford Regional Visual Analytics Center, through the U.S. Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- NSF [HHC 0905417, IIS-0725223, IIS-0855995, REC 0440103]
- Stanford MediaX project
- Stanford School of Engineering
- Direct For Computer & Info Scie & Enginr
- Div Of Information & Intelligent Systems [0855995] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Degree of pupil dilation has been shown to be a valid and reliable measure of cognitive load, but the effect of aural versus visual task presentation on pupil dilation is unknown. To evaluate effects of presentation mode, pupil dilation was measured in three tasks spanning a range of cognitive activities: mental multiplication, digit sequence recall, and vigilance. Stimuli were presented both aurally and visually, controlling for all known visual influences on pupil diameter. The patterns of dilation were similar for both aural and visual presentation for all three tasks, but the magnitudes of pupil response were greater for aural presentation. Accuracy was higher for visual presentation for mental arithmetic and digit recall. The findings can be accounted for in terms of dual codes in working memory and suggest that cognitive load is lower for visual than for aural presentation.
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