Journal
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
Volume 46, Issue 5, Pages 922-931Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00831.x
Keywords
EMG; Eye movements; Facial expression; Mutual gaze; Nonverbal communication; Pupillometry; Virtual characters
Funding
- European NEST-Pathfinder [043261, 043297]
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The present study aimed to investigate the impact of facial expression, gaze interaction, and gender on attention allocation, physiological arousal, facial muscle responses, and emotional experience in simulated social interactions. Participants viewed animated virtual characters varying in terms of gender, gaze interaction, and facial expression. We recorded facial EMG, fixation duration, pupil size, and subjective experience. Subject's rapid facial reactions (RFRs) differentiated more clearly between the character's happy and angry expression in the condition of mutual eye-to-eye contact. This finding provides evidence for the idea that RFRs are not simply motor responses, but part of an emotional reaction. Eye movement data showed that fixations were longer in response to both angry and neutral faces than to happy faces, thereby suggesting that attention is preferentially allocated to cues indicating potential threat during social interaction.
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