Journal
PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY
Volume 38, Issue 1, Pages 12-23Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.017
Keywords
Atopic eczema; Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Inflammatory cytokines; Prefrontal cortex; Stress; Prenatal programming; Genetics; Neuroimmunology
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Epidemiological data indicate that atopic eczema (AE) in infancy significantly increases the risk for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in later life. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of this comorbidity are unknown. We propose that the release of inflammatory cytokines caused by the allergic inflammation and/or elevated levels of psychological stress as a result of the chronic disease interfere with the maturation of prefrontal cortex regions and neurotransmitter systems involved ADHD pathology. Alternatively, increased stress levels in ADHD patients may trigger AE via neuroimmunological mechanisms. In a third model, AE and ADHD may be viewed as two separate disorders with one or more shared risk factors (e.g., genetics, prenatal stress) that increase the susceptibility for both disorders leading to the co-occurrence of AE and ADHD. Future investigation of these three models may lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the observed comorbidity between AE and ADHD and further, to targeted interdisciplinary primary prevention and treatment strategies. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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