Association between VNTR polymorphism in promoter region of prodynorphin (PDYN) gene and heroin dependence

Within the core promoter region of prodynorphin (PDYN), a 68-bp sequence was found to occur as a polymorphism element, either singular or as tandemly repeated two, three or four times. We report the sequence of a novel allele (5-repeats). Our study revealed the existence of an ancestral nucleotide (A) at 29th position of the VNTR in human. In total, 442 heroin addicts and 799 controls were included in this study. The present. findings revealed a male-limited association between VNTR polymorphism and heroin dependence risk. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.