Extraordinary Performance of Carbon-Coated Anatase TiO2 as Sodium-Ion Anode

The synthesis of in situ polymer-functionalized anatase TiO2 particles using an anchoring block copolymer with hydroxamate as coordinating species is reported, which yields nanoparticles (approximate to 11 nm) in multigram scale. Thermal annealing converts the polymer brushes into a uniform and homogeneous carbon coating as proven by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The strong impact of particle size as well as carbon coating on the electrochemical performance of anatase TiO2 is demonstrated. Downsizing the particles leads to higher reversible uptake/release of sodium cations per formula unit TiO2 (e.g., 0.72 eq. Na+ (11 nm) vs only 0.56 eq. Na+ (40 nm)) while the carbon coating improves rate performance. The combination of small particle size and homogeneous carbon coating allows for the excellent electrochemical performance of anatase TiO2 at high (134 mAh g(-1) at 10 C (3.35 A g(-1))) and low (approximate to 227 mAh g(-1) at 0.1 C) current rates, high cycling stability (full capacity retention between 2nd and 300th cycle at 1 C) and improved coulombic efficiency (approximate to 99.8%).