Journal
ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS
Volume 5, Issue 12, Pages -Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201401869
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Funding
- Global Climate & Energy Project at Stanford University
- National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship
- National Defense Science & Engineering Graduate Fellowship
- Fondazione Oronzio e Niccolo De Nora
- Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Ministry of Education, Science and Technology [NRF-2012R1A6A3A03038593]
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The reversible electrochemical insertion of multivalent ions into materials has promising applications in many fields, including batteries, seawater desalination, element purification, and wastewater treatment. However, finding materials that allow for the insertion of multivalent ions with fast kinetics and stable cycling has proven difficult because of strong electrostatic interactions between the highly charged insertion ions and atoms in the host framework. Here, an open framework nanomaterial, copper hexacyanoferrate, in the Prussian Blue family is presented that allows for the reversible insertion of a wide variety of monovalent, divalent, and trivalent ions (such as Rb+, Pb2+, Al3+, and Y3+) in aqueous solution beyond that achieved in previous studies. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate the unprecedented kinetics of multivalent ion insertion associated with this material. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments point toward a novel vacancy-mediated ion insertion mechanism that reduces electrostatic repulsion and helps to facilitate the observed rapid ion insertion. The results suggest a new approach to multi valent ion insertion that may help to advance the understanding of this complex phenomenon.
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