Nef of HIV-1 interacts directly with calcium-bound calmodulin

It was recently found that the myristoyl group of CAP-23/NAP-22, a neuron-specific protein kinase C substrate, is essential for the interaction between the protein and Ca2+-bound calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM). Based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence alignment of CAP-23/NAP-22 and other myristoylated proteins, including the Nef protein from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), we proposed a new hypothesis that the protein myristoylation plays important roles in protein-calmodulin interactions. To investigate the possibility of direct interaction between Nef and calmodulin, we performed structural studies of Ca2+/CaM in the presence of a myristoylated peptide corresponding to the N-terminal region of Nef. The dissociation constant between Ca2+/CaM and the myristoylated Nef peptide was determined to be 13.7 nM by fluorescence spectroscopy analyses. The NMR experiments indicated that the chemical shifts of some residues on and around the hydrophobic clefts of Ca2+/CaM changed markedly in the Ca2+/CaM-Nef peptide complex with the molar ratio of 1:2. Correspondingly, the radius of gyration determined by the small angle X-ray scattering measurements is 2-3 Angstrom smaller that of Ca2+/CaM alone. These results demonstrate clearly that Nef interacts directly with Ca2+/CaM.