Induction of Bicalutamide Sensitivity in Prostate Cancer Cells by an Epigenetic Purα-Mediated Decrease in Androgen Receptor Levels

BACKGROUND. Increased androgen receptor (AR) levels support resistance to apoptosis and hormone therapy in advanced prostate cancer (PC). We recently linked the overexpression of AR in androgen-independent LNCaP cells (AI-cells) and tissues from castration-resistant patients to decreased nuclear levels of Pur-alpha (Pur alpha) and loss from a protein complex bound to repressor sequences (ARS) in the 5'-UTR of AR. Strategies to regain control of increased AR transcription may overcome resistance of AI-cells and improve treatment outcomes. METHODS. MTT, real-time PCR, Western blot, ChIP, flow cytometry, and caspase 3/7 activation measured the effect on growth and targets of LBH589/bicalutamide treatment of AI-cells and androgen-dependent LNCaP cells (AD). RESULTS. Within 16 hr of treatment of AI-cells with low concentrations of the histone deacetylase inhibitor LBH589, a shift of cytoplasmic Pur alpha restored the nuclear levels and the binding of Pur alpha to the ARS. This was followed by a decline in AR-mRNA and protein reaching levels of parental AD-cells. The fraction of AI-cells in G1 increased and the cells in S phase decreased similar to AD-cells, and there was a modest caspase activation. Most notably, treatment of bicalutamide-resistant M-cells with 10 nM LBH589 combined with 12.5 mu M bicalutamide synergistically inhibited cell growth and induced a fivefold higher level of caspase 3/7 activation than observed in AD-cells. CONCLUSIONS. Low-dose LBH589 restores Pur alpha binding to ARS and down-regulates AR transcription. Biologically, LBH589 reverses the resistance of AI-cells to bicalutamide and to apoptosis. The combination may restore the hormonal response of castration-resistant PC patients. Prostate 70:179-189, 2010. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.