Journal
PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE
Volume 38, Issue 12, Pages 1990-2052Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.07.010
Keywords
Morphology; Structure; Organic photovoltaics; Bulk heterojunction; Conjugated polymers
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Funding
- Department of Energy Office of Basic Energy Science through the Energy Frontier Research Center at the University of Massachusetts [DOE DE-PS02-08ER15944, DE-FG02-96ER45612]
- World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), MEXT, Japan
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Recently, significant advances have been made in understanding and manipulating the morphology of the active layer in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, due in part, to the development and use of techniques capable of providing detailed information on the spatial distribution and orientation of the components in thin films. Here we review the different types of BHJ composites, their morphological details, the key parameters that dictate the morphology, and an introduction to some of the tools that have been of key importance in these studies. Different materials used to produce BHJ OPVs are summarized, compared and assessed. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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