World-record Cu(In,Ga)Se2-based thin-film sub-module with 17.4% efficiency

We report a new certified world-record efficiency for thin-film Cu(In,Ga)Se2-based photovoltaic sub-modules of 17.4% (aperture area). The record efficiency of the 16?cm2, monolithically integrated, sub-module has been independently confirmed by Fraunhofer ISE. The record device is the result of extensive co-optimization of all processing steps. During the optimization process, strong focus has been put on the scalability of processes to cost-effective mass production, as reflected, for example, in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 deposition time and substrate temperature. Device manufacturing as well as results of electrical and material characterization is discussed. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.