Journal
PROGRESS IN NEUROBIOLOGY
Volume 119, Issue -, Pages 60-84Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.06.002
Keywords
Microglia; Receptor; Central nervous system injuries
Categories
Funding
- American Heart Association [13SDG14570025]
- Ethyl Vincent pilot grant in multiple sclerosis from Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh
- Commonwealth Universal Research Enhancement (C.U.R.E.) Award from the Department of Health
- Michael J. Fox Foundation Innovation Award
- Chinese Natural Science Foundation grants [81171149, 81371306]
- National Institutes of Health Grants [NS45048, NS62157, NS59806, NS36736]
- Chinese Natural Science Foundation [81228008]
- VA Merit Review
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Microglia are the first line of immune defense against central nervous system (CNS) injuries and disorders. These highly plastic cells play dualistic roles in neuronal injury and recovery and are known for their ability to assume diverse phenotypes. A broad range of surface receptors are expressed on microglia and mediate microglial 'On' or 'Off' responses to signals from other host cells as well as invading microorganisms. The integrated actions of these receptors result in tightly regulated biological functions, including cell mobility, phagocytosis, the induction of acquired immunity, and trophic factor/inflammatory mediator release. Over the last few years, significant advances have been made toward deciphering the signaling mechanisms related to these receptors and their specific cellular functions. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge of the surface receptors involved in microglial activation, with an emphasis on their engagement of distinct functional programs and their roles in CNS injuries. It will become evident from this review that microglial homeostasis is carefully maintained by multiple counterbalanced strategies, including, but not limited to, 'On' and 'Off' receptor signaling. Specific regulation of theses microglial receptors may be a promising therapeutic strategy against CNS injuries. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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