Journal
PROGRESS IN AEROSPACE SCIENCES
Volume 55, Issue -, Pages 46-72Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.paerosci.2012.06.001
Keywords
Potential flow; Unsteady aerodynamics; Free-wake models; Aeroelasticity; Flight dynamics
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Funding
- Department of Education, Universities and Research of the Basque Government
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/I014683/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- EPSRC [EP/I014683/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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The unsteady vortex-lattice method provides a medium-fidelity tool for the prediction of non-stationary aerodynamic loads in low-speed, but high-Reynolds-number, attached flow conditions. Despite a proven track record in applications where free-wake modelling is critical, other less-computationally expensive potential-flow models, such as the doublet-lattice method and strip theory, have long been favoured in fixed-wing aircraft aeroelasticity and flight dynamics. This paper presents how the unsteady vortex-lattice method can be implemented as an enhanced alternative to those techniques for diverse situations that arise in flexible-aircraft dynamics. A historical review of the methodology is included, with latest developments and practical applications. Different formulations of the aerodynamic equations are outlined, and they are integrated with a nonlinear beam model for the full description of the dynamics of a free-flying flexible vehicle. Nonlinear time-marching solutions capture large wing excursions and wake roll-up, and the linearisation of the equations lends itself to a seamless, monolithic state-space assembly, particularly convenient for stability analysis and flight control system design. The numerical studies emphasise scenarios where the unsteady vortex-lattice method can provide an advantage over other state-of-the-art approaches. Examples of this include unsteady aerodynamics in vehicles with coupled aeroelasticity and flight dynamics, and in lifting surfaces undergoing complex kinematics, large deformations, or in-plane motions. Geometric non-linearities are shown to play an instrumental, and often counter-intuitive, role in the aircraft dynamics. The unsteady vortex-lattice method is unveiled as a remarkable tool that can successfully incorporate all those effects in the unsteady aerodynamics modelling. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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