The reef-building coral Siderastrea siderea exhibits parabolic responses to ocean acidification and warming

Anthropogenic increases in atmospheric CO2 over this century are predicted to cause global average surface ocean pH to decline by 0.1-0.3 pH units and sea surface temperature to increase by 1-4 degrees C. We conducted controlled laboratory experiments to investigate the impacts of CO2-induced ocean acidification (pCO(2) = 324, 477, 604, 2553 mu atm) and warming (25, 28, 32 degrees C) on the calcification rate of the zooxanthellate scleractinian coral Siderastrea siderea, a widespread, abundant and keystone reef-builder in the Caribbean Sea. We show that both acidification and warming cause a parabolic response in the calcification rate within this coral species. Moderate increases in pCO(2) and warming, relative to near-present-day values, enhanced coral calcification, with calcification rates declining under the highest pCO(2) and thermal conditions. Equivalent responses to acidification and warming were exhibited by colonies across reef zones and the parabolic nature of the corals' response to these stressors was evident across all three of the experiment's 30-day observational intervals. Furthermore, the warming projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for the end of the twenty-first century caused a fivefold decrease in the rate of coral calcification, while the acidification projected for the same interval had no statistically significant impact on the calcification rate-suggesting that ocean warming poses a more immediate threat than acidification for this important coral species.