Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Volume 279, Issue 1734, Pages 1806-1814Publisher
ROYAL SOC
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1653
Keywords
biodiversity; cryptic species; Amazon Basin; amphibians; conservation
Categories
Funding
- National Geographic Society
- Colorado State University
- Secretaria Nacional de Educacion Superior, Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion del Ecuador SENESCYT [PI-C08-0000470]
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador
- consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL)
- Smithsonian Institution
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One of the greatest challenges for biodiversity conservation is the poor understanding of species diversity. Molecular methods have dramatically improved our ability to uncover cryptic species, but the magnitude of cryptic diversity remains unknown, particularly in diverse tropical regions such as the Amazon Basin. Uncovering cryptic diversity in amphibians is particularly pressing because amphibians are going extinct globally at an alarming rate. Here, we use an integrative analysis of two independent Amazonian frog clades, Engystomops toadlets and Hypsiboas treefrogs, to test whether species richness is underestimated and, if so, by how much. We sampled intensively in six countries with a focus in Ecuador (Engystomops: 252 individuals from 36 localities; Hypsiboas: 208 individuals from 65 localities) and combined mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA, morphological, and bioacoustic data to detect cryptic species. We found that in both clades, species richness was severely underestimated, with more undescribed species than described species. In Engystomops, the two currently recognized species are actually five to seven species (a 150-250% increase in species richness); in Hypsiboas, two recognized species represent six to nine species (a 200-350% increase). Our results suggest that Amazonian frog biodiversity is much more severely underestimated than previously thought.
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