Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES
Volume 469, Issue 2152, Pages -Publisher
ROYAL SOC
DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2012.0606
Keywords
complex networks; granular materials; X-ray microtomography
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Funding
- Australian Research Council [DP0986876, DP120104759]
- US Army Research Office [W911NF1110175]
- Melbourne Energy Institute
- French research agency ANR (MicroModEx) [ANR-05-BLAN-0192]
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) [ANR-05-BLAN-0192] Funding Source: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)
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Complex systems techniques are used to analyse X-ray micro-CT measurements of grain kinematics in Hostun sand under triaxial compression. Network nodes with the least mean shortest path length to all other nodes, or highest relative closeness centrality, reside in the region where the persistent shear band ultimately develops. This trend, whereby a group of grains distinguishes themselves from the rest in the sample, remarkably manifests from the onset of loading. The shear band's boundaries and thickness, evident from the network communities' borders and essentially constant mean size, provide corroborating evidence of early detection of strain localization. Our findings raise the possibility that the formation and the location of the persistent shear band may be decided in the nascent stages of loading, well before peak shear stress. Grain-scale digital image correlation strain measurements and statistical tests confirm the results are robust. Moreover, the trends are unambiguously reproduced in a discrete element simulation of plane strain compression.
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