Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Volume 111, Issue 26, Pages 9431-9436Publisher
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407756111
Keywords
attitude judgment; national surveys; quantum theory; measurement effects
Categories
Funding
- National Science Foundation [1153846, 1153726]
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research [FA9550-12-1-0397]
- Direct For Social, Behav & Economic Scie
- Divn Of Social and Economic Sciences [1153726] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Direct For Social, Behav & Economic Scie
- Divn Of Social and Economic Sciences [1153846] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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The hypothesis that human reasoning obeys the laws of quantum rather than classical probability has been used in recent years to explain a variety of seemingly irrational judgment and decision-making findings. This article provides independent evidence for this hypothesis based on an a priori prediction, called the quantum question (QQ) equality, concerning the effect of asking attitude questions successively in different orders. We empirically evaluated the predicted QQ equality using 70 national representative surveys and two laboratory experiments that manipulated question orders. Each national study contained 651-3,006 participants. The results provided strong support for the predicted QQ equality. These findings suggest that quantum probability theory, initially invented to explain noncommutativity of measurements in physics, provides a simple account for a surprising regularity regarding measurement order effects in social and behavioral science.
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