Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Volume 110, Issue 21, Pages 8609-8614Publisher
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219283110
Keywords
amplicon pyrosequencing; ancient plankton DNA; D/H ratios in alkenones; paleoenvironment
Categories
Funding
- National Science Foundation [OCE 0602423, OCE 0825020, EAR 0952146]
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
- EPSRC [EP/H003851/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/H003851/1] Funding Source: researchfish
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The complex interplay of climate shifts over Eurasia and global sea level changes modulates freshwater and saltwater inputs to the Black Sea. The dynamics of the hydrologic changes from the Late Glacial into the Holocene remain a matter of debate, and information on how these changes affected the ecology of the Black Sea is sparse. Here we used Roche 454 next-generation pyrosequencing of sedimentary 18S rRNA genes to reconstruct the plankton community structure in the Black Sea over the last ca. 11,400 y. We found that 150 of 2,710 species showed a statistically significant response to four environmental stages. Freshwater chlorophytes were the best indicator species for lacustrine conditions (> 9.0 ka B. P.), although the copresence of previously unidentified marine taxa indicated that the Black Sea might have been influenced to some extent by the Marmara Sea since at least 9.6 ka calendar (cal) B. P. Dinoflagellates, cercozoa, eustigmatophytes, and haptophytes responded most dramatically to the gradual increase in salinity after the latest marine reconnection and during the warm and moist mid-Holocene climatic optimum. According to paired analysis of deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) isotope ratios in fossil alkenones, salinity increased rapidly with the onset of the dry Subboreal after similar to 5.2 ka B. P., leading to an increase in marine fungi and the first occurrence of marine copepods. A gradual succession of dinoflagellates, diatoms, and chrysophytes occurred during the refreshening after similar to 2.5 ka cal B. P. with the onset of the cool and wet Subatlantic climate and recent anthropogenic perturbations.
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