Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Volume 109, Issue 34, Pages 13698-13703Publisher
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206625109
Keywords
Actinopterygii; molecular clock; species tree; Teleostei; Percomorpha
Categories
Funding
- Peabody Museum of Natural History
- National Science Foundation [DEB-0444842, DEB-0716155, DEB-0717009, DEB-0732642, ANT-0839007, DEB-1060869, DEB-1061806, DEB-1061981]
- Natural Environment Research Council [NERC NE/I005536/1]
- NERC [NE/I005536/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Natural Environment Research Council [NE/I005536/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1061981] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Direct For Biological Sciences
- Division Of Environmental Biology [1061806] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Directorate For Geosciences
- Office of Polar Programs (OPP) [0839007] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Environmental Biology [1061981] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Environmental Biology
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1060869, 1110552] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Ray-finned fishes make up half of all living vertebrate species. Nearly all ray-finned fishes are teleosts, which include most commercially important fish species, several model organisms for genomics and developmental biology, and the dominant component of marine and freshwater vertebrate faunas. Despite the economic and scientific importance of ray-finned fishes, the lack of a single comprehensive phylogeny with corresponding divergence-time estimates has limited our understanding of the evolution and diversification of this radiation. Our analyses, which use multiple nuclear gene sequences in conjunction with 36 fossil age constraints, result in a well-supported phylogeny of all major ray-finned fish lineages and molecular age estimates that are generally consistent with the fossil record. This phylogeny informs three long-standing problems: specifically identifying elopomorphs (eels and tarpons) as the sister lineage of all other teleosts, providing a unique hypothesis on the radiation of early euteleosts, and offering a promising strategy for resolution of the bush at the top of the tree that includes percomorphs and other spiny-finned teleosts. Contrasting our divergence time estimates with studies using a single nuclear gene or whole mitochondrial genomes, we find that the former underestimates ages of the oldest ray-finned fish divergences, but the latter dramatically overestimates ages for derived teleost lineages. Our time-calibrated phylogeny reveals that much of the diversification leading to extant groups of teleosts occurred between the late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic, identifying this period as the Second Age of Fishes.
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