Journal
WORLD MYCOTOXIN JOURNAL
Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages 269-282Publisher
WAGENINGEN ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
DOI: 10.3920/WMJ2014.1773
Keywords
maize; fungal metabolites; micro-climatic; Malawi
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Funding
- Federal Country Lower Austria
- European regional development fund of the European Union
- Republic of Malawi (Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security)
- World Bank
- Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
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This study investigated the diversity of fungal metabolites in maize across four agro-ecological zones of Malawi. A total of 90 maize samples (for human consumption), collected from farmsteads, were analysed for 235 fungal metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 65 metabolites were found in the samples. 75% of samples from the hottest agro-ecological zone contained either aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone; or a combination thereof in levels exceeding European Union (EU) maximum levels, whereas the related fraction was only 17% in the cool temperature zone. Aflatoxins, citrinin, 3-nitropropionic acid, monocerin and equisetin were most prevalent and in higher levels in samples from hot agro-ecological zones, whereas deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, zearalenone and aurofusarin were most prevalent in cool agro-ecologies. On the basis of per-capita maize consumption, estimated daily intakes for all samples from hot ecologies were well above the JECEA's provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 2.0 mu g/kg body weight (bw)/day for fumonisins, whereas the PMTDI of 1.0 mu g/kg bw/day for deoxynivalenol was exceeded in relatively more (90%) samples from the cool highlands than the other zones. These results demonstrate the influence of micro-climatic conditions on mycotoxin prevalence patterns and underscores the need for development of agro-ecological specific mycotoxin dietary exposure management strategies.
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