Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Volume 108, Issue 51, Pages 20645-20649Publisher
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115559108
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Funding
- National Science Foundation [0956388]
- state wildlife [09DEP10012AA]
- Spanish Education Ministry [EX2009-1017]
- Rutgers University
- Direct For Biological Sciences
- Division Of Environmental Biology [0814544] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Div Of Biological Infrastructure
- Direct For Biological Sciences [0956388] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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The phenology of many ecological processes is modulated by temperature, making them potentially sensitive to climate change. Mutualistic interactions may be especially vulnerable because of the potential for phenological mismatching if the species involved do not respond similarly to changes in temperature. Here we present an analysis of climate-associated shifts in the phenology of wild bees, the most important pollinators worldwide, and compare these shifts to published studies of bee-pollinated plants over the same time period. We report that over the past 130 y, the phenology of 10 bee species from northeastern North America has advanced by a mean of 10.4 +/- 1.3 d. Most of this advance has taken place since 1970, paralleling global temperature increases. When the best available data are used to estimate analogous rates of advance for plants, these rates are not distinguishable from those of bees, suggesting that bee emergence is keeping pace with shifts in host-plant flowering, at least among the generalist species that we investigated.
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