Aggregation of γ-crystallins associated with human cataracts via domain swapping at the C-terminal β-strands

The prevalent eye disease age-onset cataract is associated with aggregation of human gamma D-crystallins, one of the longest-lived proteins. Identification of the gamma-crystallin precursors to aggregates is crucial for developing strategies to prevent and reverse cataract. Our microseconds of atomistic molecular dynamics simulations uncover the molecular structure of the experimentally detected aggregation-prone folding intermediate species of monomeric native gamma D-crystallin with a largely folded C-terminal domain and a mostly unfolded N-terminal domain. About 30 residues including a, b, and c strands from the Greek Key motif 4 of the C-terminal domain experience strong solvent exposure of hydrophobic residues as well as partial unstructuring upon N-terminal domain unfolding. Those strands comprise the domain-domain interface crucial for unusually high stability of gamma D-crystallin. We further simulate the intermolecular linkage of these monomeric aggregation precursors, which reveals domain-swapped dimeric structures. In the simulated dimeric structures, the N-terminal domain of one monomer is frequently found in contact with residues 135-164 encompassing the a, b, and c strands of the Greek Key motif 4 of the second molecule. The present results suggest that gamma D-crystallin may polymerize through successive domain swapping of those three C-terminal beta-strands leading to age-onset cataract, as an evolutionary cost of its very high stability. Alanine substitutions of the hydrophobic residues in those aggregation-prone beta-strands, such as L145 and M147, hinder domain swapping as a pathway toward dimerization. These findings thus provide critical molecular insights onto the initial stages of age-onset cataract, which is important for understanding protein aggregation diseases.