Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Volume 106, Issue 45, Pages 19156-19161Publisher
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909881106
Keywords
population encoding; TD learning; time-stamped representation
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Funding
- National Institutes of Health National Eye Institute [EY12848]
- Office of Naval Research [N000140410208]
- National Parkinson Foundation
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences at Pennsylvania State University
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Encoding time is universally required for learning and structuring motor and cognitive actions, but how the brain keeps track of time is still not understood. We searched for time representations in cortico-basal ganglia circuits by recording from thousands of neurons in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of macaque monkeys performing a routine visuomotor task. We found that a subset of neurons exhibited time-stamp encoding strikingly similar to that required by models of reinforcement-based learning: They responded with spike activity peaks that were distributed at different time delays after single task events. Moreover, the temporal evolution of the population activity allowed robust decoding of task time by perceptron models. We suggest that time information can emerge as a byproduct of event coding in cortico-basal ganglia circuits and can serve as a critical infrastructure for behavioral learning and performance.
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